Lecture 31: Tuberculosis
After this lecture, you should be able to answer the following:
1. You want to identify a pathogen that causes a specific disease. Using Robert Koch's four postulates, how would you do that? Which pathogens did Koch identify using these postulates?
2. What is the infectious agent that causes tuberculosis (TB)? Is it a spirochete? a bacilli? a cocci?
3. What is streptomycin? How was this discovery important to patients with tuberculosis?
4. Why is tuberculosis sometimes called "consumption?" In the 18th and 19th centuries, what percentage of recorded adult deaths in the U.S. could be attributed to TB? Is TB still a leading killer in the U.S.? How many people die each year in the U.S. from active TB? How many people worldwide die each year from active TB? Why the discrepancy?
5. Is TB contagious? If so, how is TB spread? What two types of TB infection occur in people? Is it true that people with latent TB do not feel sick? Is it true that people who have latent TB will test positive in a Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test?
6. Which organ of the body is the preferred site of TB infection?
7. Describe the symptoms of a patient with latent TB.
8. Describe the symptoms of a patient with active TB. How are chest X-rays and sputum cultures used to confirm active cases of the disease? What are acid-fact bacilli?
9. True or False? The rate of MDR-TB cases in the United States is lower now than in 1953.
10. Describe the Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test. What is it? Why does it work? What kinds of factors can hinder interpretation of the result?
11. Who is at risk for exposure or infection with TB?
12. Is there a vaccine for TB? Does it protect adults against the disease? What is the name of the vaccine? What type of mycobacterium is used in the vaccine? Is that the same pathogen that causes human TB? HMMM... might that be a problem? Are not the immune memory cells being formed against mycobacterium bovis? Might that be why the vaccine "wears-off" in adulthood? Is the BCG vaccine on the list of vaccines administered to children by the U.S. National Immunization Program?
13. Discuss chest X-rays. How do they work? What do they show? What do they look like for people with active TB?
14. How can training and education help to control the spread of TB?
15. Is TB a reportable (notifiable) disease?
16. What are the two primary pharmacological agents used to treat TB? How are people infected with latent TB treated (what drugs and how long?) What is the mechanism of action of each of these drugs? What is the chemical structure of isoniazid? What other drugs are used to treat TB?
17. What is drug-resistant Tuberculosis? Describe the different types of drug-resistant strains? What is multidrug-resistant TB? What drug has had some success against MDR-TB? What is a major side effect of this drug?
18. Please make sure to read all the assigned homework material and carefully answer all the homework questions.For additional reading on the pharmacological aspects of TB , please see the links below. Note: They are not required, but are quite interesting:Streptomycin
Info:http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/antibiotics/trials.htmlMDR-TB
Info:http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no2/rattan.htm
Good Luck!!
1. You want to identify a pathogen that causes a specific disease. Using Robert Koch's four postulates, how would you do that? Which pathogens did Koch identify using these postulates?
2. What is the infectious agent that causes tuberculosis (TB)? Is it a spirochete? a bacilli? a cocci?
3. What is streptomycin? How was this discovery important to patients with tuberculosis?
4. Why is tuberculosis sometimes called "consumption?" In the 18th and 19th centuries, what percentage of recorded adult deaths in the U.S. could be attributed to TB? Is TB still a leading killer in the U.S.? How many people die each year in the U.S. from active TB? How many people worldwide die each year from active TB? Why the discrepancy?
5. Is TB contagious? If so, how is TB spread? What two types of TB infection occur in people? Is it true that people with latent TB do not feel sick? Is it true that people who have latent TB will test positive in a Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test?
6. Which organ of the body is the preferred site of TB infection?
7. Describe the symptoms of a patient with latent TB.
8. Describe the symptoms of a patient with active TB. How are chest X-rays and sputum cultures used to confirm active cases of the disease? What are acid-fact bacilli?
9. True or False? The rate of MDR-TB cases in the United States is lower now than in 1953.
10. Describe the Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test. What is it? Why does it work? What kinds of factors can hinder interpretation of the result?
11. Who is at risk for exposure or infection with TB?
12. Is there a vaccine for TB? Does it protect adults against the disease? What is the name of the vaccine? What type of mycobacterium is used in the vaccine? Is that the same pathogen that causes human TB? HMMM... might that be a problem? Are not the immune memory cells being formed against mycobacterium bovis? Might that be why the vaccine "wears-off" in adulthood? Is the BCG vaccine on the list of vaccines administered to children by the U.S. National Immunization Program?
13. Discuss chest X-rays. How do they work? What do they show? What do they look like for people with active TB?
14. How can training and education help to control the spread of TB?
15. Is TB a reportable (notifiable) disease?
16. What are the two primary pharmacological agents used to treat TB? How are people infected with latent TB treated (what drugs and how long?) What is the mechanism of action of each of these drugs? What is the chemical structure of isoniazid? What other drugs are used to treat TB?
17. What is drug-resistant Tuberculosis? Describe the different types of drug-resistant strains? What is multidrug-resistant TB? What drug has had some success against MDR-TB? What is a major side effect of this drug?
18. Please make sure to read all the assigned homework material and carefully answer all the homework questions.For additional reading on the pharmacological aspects of TB , please see the links below. Note: They are not required, but are quite interesting:Streptomycin
Info:http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/antibiotics/trials.htmlMDR-TB
Info:http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no2/rattan.htm
Good Luck!!
posted by Blase Billack, Ph.D. | 7:35 AM
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